Research and Development of Powder Industrial Explosives in China, CHEMIA I PIROTECHNIKA, Chemia i Pirotechnika

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Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 24, 27±29 (1999)
27
Research and Development of Powder Industrial Explosives in China
Chunxu Lu
China Institute of Industrial Explosive Materials, Nanjing 210094 (P. R. China)
Forschung und Entwicklung von pulverfÈrmigen Industrie-
sprengstoffen
In dieser Arbeit wird der Stand pulverfÈrmiger Industriesprengstoffe
in China beschrieben. Basierend auf wissenschaftlichen For-
schungsarbeiten des China±Instituts Industrial Explosive Materials
(China IIEM) werden Ammoniumnitrat-Sprengstoffe, besonders Geste
inssprengstoffe mit voluminÈsem (expanded) Ammoniumnitrat, ohne
und mit geringen Mengen an TNT ausfÈhrlich diskutiert und unter
verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten die weitere Entwicklung der pulver-
fÈrmigen Industriesprengstoffe in China dargestellt.
Recherche et dÂveloppement d'explosifs industriels pulvÂrulents
La prÂsent Âtude dÂcrit l'Âtat de l'art des explosifs industriels pul-
vÂrulents en Chine. Sur la base de travaux de recherches scienti®ques
de l'institut de Chine Industrial Explosive Materials (China IIEM), on
a discut
Â
en d
Â
tail des explosifs nitrate d'ammonium, en particulier des
explosifs rocheux Á nitrate d'ammonium volumineux (expanded), sans
ou avec faible quantit
Â
de TNT et pr
Â
sent
Â
sous diff
Â
rents aspects le
dÂveloppment des explosifs industriels pulvÂrulents en Chine.
Summary
2.1 Ammonite: Ammonium Nitrate (AN) Explosives with
TNT
In this paper, status of powder industrial explosives in China is
described. On the basis of scienti®c research of China Institute of
Industrial Explosive Materials (China IIEM) non-TNT or oligo-TNT
Ammonium Nitrate explosive, especially rock expanded Ammonium
Nitrate explosive, is emphatically discussed and several points of view
about further development of powder industrial explosives in our
country are stated.
Ammonite is one of the earliest industrial explosives
widely used in China, with the output of 22 000 tons in
1953, 335 000 tons in 1959, 570 000 tons in 1978, 800 000
tons in 1990 and 890 000 tons in 1996.
Ammonite has been the main industrial explosive in our
country. It possesses good properties in explosion, initiation
and stability. It can be classi®ed into rock explosives,
explosives for open-pit operation, permissible explosives.
Main varieties of ammonite include No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3
rock ammonite, No. 4 water-resisting rock ammonite, No. 1,
No. 2, and No. 3 permitted explosives, safe sheathed
explosives and ion exchange type safety explosives. Among
them, No. 2 rock ammonite is the widest applicated kind of
industrial explosives in China.
1. Introduction
Powder industrial explosive is present main industrial
explosive in China. About several kinds of industrial
explosives are now manufactured in our country and annual
output amounts to 1.1 million tons. A complete scienti®c
and technical research system has been established. Variety,
technology, theory and application of powder industrial
explosives in China have quickly been developed recently.
New products, new techniques, new technology and new
equipment are unceasingly emerging. But, with the dee-
pening of economic reform and open-door policy, system-
atization of structure variety, uniformity of product
properties, especially level of production technology and
controlment of production process show the state of back-
ward. We must make still great efforts to raise the whole
level of our country powder industrial explosives.
2.2 Oligo-TNT or Non-TNT Ammonium Nitrate Explosive
Ammonium nitrate explosives with TNT possess
remarkable disadvantages so that TNT seriously affects the
health of human body. With the aid of disperse and sur-
factants techniques, oligo-TNT or non-TNT AN explosives
have been invented by Changsha Research Institute of
Mining and Metallurgy (Changsha RIMM) and China IIEM
in 1989
(6±8)
. Tables 1 and 2 show composition and main
properties of oligo-TNT AN explosives.
Non-TNT AN explosive, invented by China IIEM, is
known as expanded ammonium nitrate explosive. It is a new
type of non-TNT explosive.
Expanded ammonium nitrate is prepared through vacuum
crystallization technology with the aid of surfactants from
common AN. It is light, porous and bulky. It possesses very
large speci®c surface area; speci®c surface area of common
AN and expanded AN being 471.95 cm
2
cm
ÿ3
2. Research of Powder Industrial Explosives in China
The manufacture of powder industrial explosives has
begun since 1949 in China. The output of powder industrial
explosives has been increased by a factor 50 over the 40
years, from 20 000 tons in 1953 to 1.1 million in 1996.
The main powder industrial explosives in our country are
as follows
(1±5)
:
(or 258.76
cm
2
g
ÿ1
), 1454.57 cm
2
cm
ÿ3
(or 3328.54 cm
2
g
ÿ1
), re-
# WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH, D-69451 Weinheim, 1999
0721-3115/99/0306±0027 $17.50:50=0
28 Chunxu Lu
Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 24, 27±29 (1999)
Table 1. Composition of Main Oligo-TNT Explosives in China
research and application of powder industrial explosives.
The technology has passed technical evaluation by Ministry
and has been adopted by many factories.
Micro-structure of crystal of expanded AN, surface
chemistry of expansion of AN and expansion mechanism
have been deeply studied by IIEM
(9±12)
.
Changsha RIMM has researched oligo-TNT and non-
TNT ammonium nitrate explosives (RF explosive) through
technology of dispersion and got successful results, the
technology has been certi®cated by Ministry and adopted by
factories, too.
Composition
(%)
No. 2
Rock
Ammonite
No. 2 Rock
New
Ammonite
RF
Explosive
Chang Sha
RIMM
HF
Explosive
China IIEM
AN
85.0
88.0
88.0
90.5
TNT
11.0
7.0
5.5
2.5
Wood powder
4.0
3.0
4.4
3.5
Complex oil
2.0
2.1
3.5
spectively. Therefore, the speci®c surface area is increased
by a factor of 4 after vacuum crystallization. There are
many micro-holes in the particles of expanded AN. So its
apparent density is very low. When it is mixed with wood
powder and fuel oil, contact areas of components will
increase obviously.
The composition and main properties of non-TNT
expanded AN explosive are shown in Tables 3 and 4.
Such expanded AN explosive, which can get rid of TNT,
is still of suitable sensitivity to initiation, violent explosion
properties, well thermal stability. Technology of expanded
AN possesses creativeness and brings up new way for
2.3 Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil Mixture (ANFO)
ANFO is one of the industrial explosives used in China
early, with the output of 20 000 tons in 1965, 300 000 tons
in 1972, 200 000 tons in 1990 and 190 000 tons in 1996.
Main varieties of ANFO are No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3
ANFO and porous particle ANFO explosive.
Other varieties of ANFO are AN-rosin-wax explosive
and AN-asphalt-wax explosives which are manufactured
and used locally.
Table 2. Properties of Main Oligo±TNT Explosives in China
Properties
No. 2 Rock
Ammonite
No. 2 Rock
New Ammonite
RF Explosive
Chang Sha
RIMM
HF Explosive
China IIEM
r(gcm
ÿ1
)
0.951.10
0.951.05
0.951.10
0.951.10
H
Le
(mm)
12
12
14
13
V
D
(ms
ÿ1
)
3200
30003200
3200
3300
S
D
(cm)
5
3
6
5
V
s
(ml)
320
320
350
320
Table 3. Composition and Properties of Expanded AN Explosive
AN
Wood powder
Composition
Complex oil r(gcm
ÿ3
)
H
Le
(mm)
Main properties
V
D
(ms
ÿ1
)
S
D
(cm)
V
s
(ml)
92.0
4.0
4.0
0.850.95
12
3200
4
320
Table 4. The Crude Material Cost Comparison of Three Kinds of Powder Explosives (on the basis of prices in 1995)
Crude
Unit price
Expanded AN
No. 2 rock
No. 2 rock
material
explosive
Ammonite
New Ammonite
(Yuan)
Amount
Cost
Amount
Cost
Amount
Cost
(kgt
ÿ1
)
(Yuan)
(kgt
ÿ1
)
(Yuan)
(kgt
ÿ1
)
(Yuan)
AN
2000
920
1840
850
1700
875
1950
TNT
8000
110
880
70
560
Wood powder
300
40
12
40
12
40
12
Oil
3000
40
120
15
45
Additive
15000
1
15
Expanded agent
28800
1.2
35
Total (Yuant
ÿ1
)
2007
2592
2382
Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 24, 27±29 (1999)
Research and Development Powder Industrial Explosives in China 29
Table 5. Main Properties of Powder Emulsion Explosive
Density
(gcm
)
Moisture
(%)
Transmission
(cm)
Detonation
velocity
(ms
Brisance
(mm)
Strength
(ml)
Store
lifetime
(month)
ÿ1
)
1.851.05 5%
> 5
> 3400 > 13 > 320 > 6
2.4 Powder Emulsion Explosive
(3) Basic theory of powder industrial explosive will be
researched, to enhance the whole level of powder
industrial explosive.
(4) Automation and consecutiveness of manufacture of
powder industrial explosives will be researched, to
facilitate technical level of our country up into inter-
national advance standards.
Powder emulsion explosive is a new type of emulsion
explosive in China. It is a breakthrough of traditional ideas
of emulsion explosive. Appearance of ®nal product is not
emulsion and similar to powder explosive. But the char-
acteristics of close and full contact between oxidizer and
combustible material in system of emulsion explosives is
not changed, and its physical and explosive properties are
obviously improved. The concrete properties parameters are
shown in Table 5.
Formula, technology and properties of powder emulsion
explosive were thoroughly researched by China IIEM and
Beijing RIMM. Valuable achievements are obtained. They
regard formulas containing 35% water in powder emul-
sion explosive to be the best, select polymolecular emulsi-
®er to enhance ability of emulsion in high temperature, and
adopt technology of ``spraying'' and ``air current'' for
forming to powder.
4. References
(1) Chunxu Lu, Zuliang Liu, and Ouqi Ni, ``Industrial Explosives'',
Beijing Ordnance Industries Press, 1994.
(2) Shuyan Jiao, ``Forecast of Industrial Explosives in China in
2000'', Explosive Materials, (3) 30 (1986).
(3) Yunyang Wei, ``History and Forecast of Industrial Explosives'',
Explosive Materials, (2) 34 (1990).
(4) Guoshun Zhang, ``Development and Forecast of Industrial
Explosives'', Proceedings of Symposium on China Industrial
Explosive Material Association, Nanjing, 1988.
(5) Xiouxia Fang, ``Production Situation and Analysis of Industrial
Explosive Materials in 1994'', Explosive Materials (3) 36 (1995).
(6) Junming Hui, Zuliang Liu, and Chunxu Lu, Powder Ammonium
Nitrate Explosive and its Manufacture, Chinese Patent,
911070516, 1991.
(7) Youqiu Hong, Summary of Development of Modern Industrial
Explosives'', Explosion and Shock (4) 75 (1982).
(8) Youqiu Hong and Youxin Huang, ``Manufacture and Technology
of Novel Type of Powder Ammonium Nitrate Explosive'', Chinese
Patent 85100399, 1986.
(9) Chunxu Lu, ``Research on Surface Chemistry Characteristics of
Crystallization of AN'', Proceedings of 1995 Symposium on
Explosive Material, 1995, p. 6.
(10) Chunxu Lu, ``Research on Surface Chemistry of Expanded AN'',
Journal of Nanjing University (31) 286 (1995).
(11) Zuliang Liu and Chunxu Lu, ``Research and Application of
Expanded Ammonium Nitrate'', Proceedings of the Third ISPE,
China Ordnance Society, Beijing 1995, p. 220.
(12) Chunxu Lu, ``Research on Expanded AN Explosive'', Explosive
Materials, (1) 5 (1996).
3. Development of Powder Industrial Explosives
in China
(1) Non-TNT powder expanded AN explosive is one of the
major development projects of ``95 programme in
China'' and one of the spread items of national sig-
ni®cant scienti®c and technic achievements by State
Science and Technology Commission. Non-TNT pow-
der industrial explosive is focal point of development in
China.
(2) New type and series of powder industrial explosive will
be researched, to satisfy requirement of domestic and
abroad market.
(Received September 19, 1997; Ms 49=97)
ÿ3
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