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WORLD’S #1
ACADEMIC OUTLINE
REVISED
Summary of Latin Grammar
THE LATIN
ALPHABET
Latin does not have silent letters. The
Roman pronunciation of the alphabet
and the most common diphthongs are
as follows:
a
NUMERALS
ORDINALS
CAPITALIZATION
7 septem
20th vicen-
simus, a, um
0
nihil
XX
20
viginti
Only the first word in a sentence and
proper nouns are capitalized. The capi-
talization can be used to emphasize:
Urbs (the city), with a capital letter,
means Rome.
1st
primus, a, um
I
1
unus,a,um
XXI
21
viginti unus, a, um
II
2
duo, duae, duo
XXII
22
viginti duo, duae, duo
2nd
secundus, a, um
III
3
tres,tria
XXX
30
triginta
3rd
tertius, a, um
IV
4
quattuor
XXXI 31
triginta unus, a, um
6th sextus,a,um
4 quattuor
4th
quartus, a, um
uh
k k
V
5
quinque
XXXII 32
triginta duo, duae, duo
-
VI
6
sex
XL
40
quadraginta
ah
l
l
5th
quintus, a, um
ae eye
m
m
VII
7
septem
L
50
quinquaginta
CASE SYSTEM
6th
sextus, a, um
au ow
n
n
VIII
8
octo
LX
60
sexaginta
8 octo
bb
o aw
IX
9
novem
LXX
70
septuaginta
7th
septimus, a, um
Most Latin words are on a case system.
Each of the six cases defines the func-
tion of a particular noun, pronoun, or
adjective in a sentence. Each case is rec-
ognized by its ending.
Nominative: subject
Genitive:
10t
h
CASE
SYSTEM
-
c k/s
oh
X
10 decem
LXXX 80
octoginta
8th
octavus, a, um
decimus,a,um
dd
p p
XI
11 undecim
XC
90
nonaginta
9th
nonus, a, um
e
eh
qu
kw
XII
12 duodecim
C
100
centum
-
ay
r
r
XIII
13 tredecim
CC
200
ducenti, ae, a
10 decem
10th
decimus, a, um
f
ef
s
ss
XIV
14 quattuordecim
CCC
300
trecenti, ae, a
5t h
quintus,a,um
11th
undecimus, a, um
g
g (as in good)
t
t
XV
15 quindecim
CCCC 400
quadringenti, ae, a
possession/origin/quality
h
h (as in hotel)
u/v w
XVI
16 sedecim
M
1,000
mille
20th
vicensimus, a, um
Dative:
indirect object
i
ih
x
ks
9 novem
XVII 17 septendecim
MM
2,000
duo milia
Accusative:
direct object
-
30th
trecensimus, a, um
ee
z
ts
XVIII 18 duodeviginti
1,000,000
decies centena milia
Ablative:
prepositional object
i/j y
100th
centensimus, a, um
Vocative:
direct address
XIX
19 undeviginti
2,000,000
viginti centena milia
Third Declension (-i stems)
is also used for a small but
important class of nouns. A thorough grammar should be
consulted for rules for this class.
WORD ORDER
Latin word order allows more freedom than most languages.
For example, in English, the following sentence:
Peter hits
Paul
cannot change its word order without changing its mean-
ing. The same Latin sentence:
Petrus verberat Paulum
may
have the following word order without changing its meaning:
Paulum verberat Petrus
, or even:
Petrus Paulum verberat
.
In nominative cases, the personal pronouns are only used to
emphasize the subject. Most of the time, the personal pro-
nouns are included in the verb form.
WORD ORDER
Masculine & Feminine Neuter
civis, civis (m) (the citizen) mare, maris (the sea)
Sing.
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Sing.
Plur.
Sing.
Plur.
(he, him)
(she, her)
(it)
Nom.
is
ea
id
Nom.
civ
is
civ
es
mar
e
mar
ia
Gen.
eius
eius
eius
e
-
e
-
e
-
Gen.
civ
is
civ
ium
mar
is
mar
ium
Dat.
civ
-
mar
-
Dat.
civ
ibus
mar
ibus
Acc.
eum
eam
id
Acc.
civ
em
civ
es
mar
e
mar
ia
e
-
e
-
e
-
Abl.
mar
-
NOUNS
There are five declensions. A Latin word is identified with
its declension by its genitive case. For this reason, a noun is
always presented with the nominative and genitive case:
rosa, ae; dominus, i.
Abl.
civ
e
civ
ibus
mar
ibus
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
This is the general rule; there are a few exceptions.
Plur.
(they, them) (they, them)
(they, them)
e
-
(i
-
)
Fourth Declension (u-decl.),
in most cases, is used for
masculine nouns and neuter nouns.
Nom.
eae
ea
Gen.
eorum
earum
eorum
e
-
s (i
-
s)
e
-
s (i
-
s)
e
-
s (i
-
s)
Dat.
NOTE
: The vocative, except in the second declension, is
always the same as the nominative.
First declension (a-decl.),
in most cases, is used for femi-
nine nouns.
Masculine
Neuter
Acc.
eos
eas
ea
exercitus,
-
s (the army)
cornu,
-
s (the wing of
an army)
e
-
s (i
-
s)
e
-
s (i
-
s)
e
-
s (i
-
s)
Abl.
Sing.
Plur.
Sing.
Plur.
Possessive Pronouns
exercit
-
s
Nom.
exercit
us
corn
u
corn
ua
Sing.
rosa, rosae (f.)
Plur.
exercit
-
s
corn
-
s
Gen.
exercit
uum
corn
uum
Possessive pronouns have the same terminations as the
adjectives of the first and second declensions. They are not
used when the owner is obvious.
meus, mea, meum
exercit
u
-
(the rose)
corn
-
Dat.
exercit
ibus
corn
ibus
Nom.
ros
a
ros
ae
exercit
-
s
Acc.
exercit
um
corn
u
corn
ua
ros
-
rum
Gen.
ros
ae
exercit
-
corn
-
ros
-
s
Abl.
exercit
ibus
corn
ibus
my, mine
Dat.
ros
ae
ros
-
s
tuus, tua, tuum
your, yours
Acc.
ros
am
ros
-
s
ros
-
Fifth Declension (e-decl.)
is mainly used for feminine nouns.
suus, sua, suum
his, her, its, their, theirs
Abl.
noster, nostra, nostrum
our, ours
Voc.
ros
a
ros
ae
Feminine
vester, vestra, vestrum
your, yours
Second Declension (o-decl.),
in most cases, is used for
Sing.
res, rei (f.)
Plur.
masculine and neuter nouns.
Masculine Neuter
dominus, i (the master) templum, i (the temple)
Sing.
Reflexive Pronouns
Their declension is the same as the personal pronoun,
except that they have no nominative.
First person:
(the thing)
r
-
s
r
-
s
Nom.
r
e
-
r
-
rum
Gen.
Dat. r
e
-
r
-
bus
Plur.
Sing.
Plur.
mei
of myself
r
-
s
Acc. r
em
domin
-
Second person:
tui
of yourself, thyself
Nom.
domin
us
templ
um
templ
a
Abl. r
-
r
-
bus
domin
-
domin
-
rum
templ
-
rum
Third person:
sui
of himself, herself, itself
Gen.
templ
i
domin
-
s
templ
-
s
domin
-
Sing.
Plur.
Dat.
templ
o
Gen.
sui
sui
Acc.
domin
um
domin
os
templ
um
templ
a
domin
-
s
templ
-
s
domin
-
Dat.
sibi
sibi
Abl.
templ
o
s
-
or sese
s
-
or sese
Voc.
domin
e
domin
i
templ
um
templ
a
Acc.
PRONOUNS
Personal Pronouns
s
-
or sese
s
-
or sese
Abl.
Third Declension (consonant decl.)
is used for masculine,
feminine and neuter nouns.
Demonstrative Pronouns
Sing.
Masculine & Feminine
Neuter
Sing
.
Plur
.
Sing
.
Plur
.
Plur.
consul, is (m.) (the consul)
fulgur, is (the thunder)
(I, me)
(we, us)
(you)
(you)
(this)
(these)
Sing.
Plur.
Sing.
Plur.
Nom.
ego
nos
tu
vos
PRONOUNS
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
me
-
h
-
Gen.
nostrum
tui
vestrum
consul
-
s
Nom.
hic
haec
hoc
hae haec
Nom.
consul
fulgur
fulgur
a
h
-
rum
h
-
rum
h
-
rum
(nostri)
(vestri)
Gen.
consul
is
consul
um
fulgur
is
fulgur
um
Gen.
huius
huius
huius
consul
-
nob
-
s
vob
-
s
h
-
s
h
-
s
h
-
s
Dat.
mihi
tibi
Dat.
consul
ibus
fulgur
i
fulgur
ibus
Dat.
huic
huic
huic
consul
-
s
m
-
t
-
h
-
s
h
-
s
Acc.
consul
em
fulgur
fulgur
a
Acc.
nos
vos
Acc.
hunc
hanc
hoc
haec
nob
-
s
vob
-
s
h
-
s
h
-
s
h
-
s
Abl.
consul
e
consul
ibus
fulgur
e
fulgur
ibus
m
-
t
-
h
-
c
h
-
c
Abl.
Abl.
hoc
1
(Pronouns continued)
ADVERBS
Sing.
Plur.
ARTICLES
There are no articles in Latin. The context tells you whether
to use the definite or the indefinite article in translation.
ADVERBS
Most adverbs are formed by adding a suffix to the stem of
the adjective. The suffix is
-
for the adjectives of the first
/second declension and
-(i)ter
for the adjectives of the third
declension, as follows:
1
st
/2
nd
declension
(that of yours)
(those of yours)
ARTICLES
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
ist
-
Nom.
iste
ista
istud
istae
ista
ist
-
us
ist
-
us
ist
-
us
Gen.
(same terminations as
ist
-
ist
-
ist
-
Dat.
doct
i, ae, a,
at right)
Acc.
istum
istam
istud
ADJECTIVES
ist
-
ist
-
ist
-
3
rd
declension
Abl.
doct
-
(wisely)
doctus
fortis
fortiter
(bravely)
Adjectives are divided into two patterns of declension.
miser
-
(miserably)
Sing.
Plur.
miser
vehemens
vehementer
(violently)
pigr
-
(lazily)
piger
celer
celeriter
(quickly)
(that one over there)
(those ones over there)
First/Second Declension Adjectives:
Other adverbs commonly used in Latin:
ubi
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Sing.
(educated)
Masc.
where (you are)
denique
finally
Nom.
ille
illa
illud
(same terminations
Gen. ill
-
us
ill
-
us
ill
-
us
Fem.
Neut.
quo
where (you are going)
hac
through here
as doct
i,ae,a
)
Dat. ill
-
ill
-
ill
-
Nom.
doct
us
doct
a
doct
um
ante
in front, before
nunc
now
doct
-
doct
-
Gen.
doct
ae
post
in back, after
raro
rarely
Acc. illum
illam
illud
doct
-
doct
-
Dat.
doct
ae
hic
here
ubique
everywhere
Abl. ill
-
ill
-
ill
-
istic
there
postridie
the next day
Acc.
doct
um
doct
am
doct
um
doct
-
doct
-
doct
-
illic
over there
semper
always
Abl.
Sing.
Plur.
istac
through there
deinde
then
Voc.
doct
e
doct
a
doct
um
(self)
(selves)
tum
then
primum
at first
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
alibi
somewhere else
noctu
by night
Plur.
(educated)
Masc.
Nom.
ipse
ipsa
ipsum
(same terminations
hodie
today
mox
soon
ips
-
us
ips
-
us
ips
-
us
Fem.
Neut.
Gen.
as doct
i, ae, a
)
doct
-
heri
yesterday
vespere
in the evening
ips
-
ips
-
ips
-
Nom.
doct
ae
doct
a
Dat.
cras
tomorrow
saepe
often
doct
-
rum
doct
-
rum
doct
-
rum
Gen.
doct
-
s
doct
-
s
doct
-
s
Acc.
ipsum
ipsam
ipsum
interdiu
by day
tandem
at last
Dat.
ips
-
ips
-
ips
-
Abl.
hinc
from here
olim
one day
doct
-
s
doct
-
s
doct
-
Acc.
doct
-
s
doct
-
s
doct
-
s
Abl.
doct
-
Relative Pronouns
Voc.
doct
ae
doct
a
VERBS
In Latin, relative pronouns take their gender and number
from the noun to which they refer.
Third Declension Adjectives:
Verbs can be in the active or passive voice:
Active voice:
Puellam amat.
(He loves a young woman.)
Passive voice:
A puell
-
amatur.
(He is being loved by a young
woman.)
Sing.
(brave)
Plur.
(brave)
Sing.
Masc/Fem. Neut.
Masc/Fem. Neut.
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
fort
-
s
Nom.
fort
is
fort
e
fort
ia
fort
-
um
fort
-
um
Nom.
qui (that, who)
quae
quod (which)
Gen.
fort
is
fort
is
Latin has a class of verbs called Deponents that are conju-
gated only in the passive voice, but must be translated by an
active voice form:
Patrem imitor.
(I imitate my father
.
)
fort
-
fort
-
fort
-
bus
fort
-
bus
Gen.
cuius (whose)
cuius
cuius (of which)
Dat.
Dat.
cui (to/for whom) cui
cui (which)
Acc.
fort
em
fort
e
fort
es
fort
ia
fort
-
fort
-
fort
-
bus
fort
-
bus
Acc.
quem (whom)
quam
quod (which)
Abl.
qu
-
(whom)
qu
-
qu
-
(which)
Abl.
Verb Modes
1.
Indicative
: Expresses actual facts and situations.
2.
Subjunctive
: Expresses actions that are hypothetical, com-
mands, wishes or regrets; also used in indirect discourse.
3.
Imperative
: Expresses orders or commands.
4.
Supine
: Expresses a goal or completes an adjective
(
res
iucunda auditu
, a
thing
nice to hear
).
5.
Gerund
: Similar to the use of the English gerund (
tem-
pus
legendi
,
reading
time
).
6.
Participle
: Verbal forms of many different uses.
7.
Infinitive
: Similar to the use of the English infinitive.
Sing.
(old)
Plur.
(old)
Plur.
Masc/Fem. Neut.
Masc/Fem. Neut.
vet
er
-
s
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Nom.
vet
us
vet
us
vet
era
qu
-
Nom.
quae
quae
Gen.
vet
eris
vet
eris
vet
erum
vet
erum
vet
er
-
vet
er
-
vet
er
-
bus
vet
er
-
bus
Gen.
quorum
quarum
quorum
Dat.
vet
er
-
s
Dat.
quibus
quibus
quibus
Acc.
vet
erem
vet
us
vet
era
vet
er
-
bus
vet
er
-
bus
Acc.
quos
quas
quae
Abl.
vet
eri
vet
eri
Abl.
quibus
quibus
quibus
Demonstrative Adjectives
Interrogative Pronouns
In Latin, interrogative pronouns take their gender and num-
ber from the noun to which they refer. Masculine and fem-
inine interrogative pronouns have the same forms.
See Demonstrative pronouns.
The conditional mode does not exist in Latin.
There are four verb Conjugations:
First Conjugation,
ending in
-are
. Second Conjugation, ending in
- ere
; the
first vowel
e
is long. Third Conjugation, ending in
- ere
; the
first vowel
e
is short. Fourth Conjugation, ending in
-ire
.
There is also the third (mixed) conjugation that borrows
endings from both the 3
rd
and the 4
th
groups.
Possessive Adjectives
See Possessive pronouns.
Sing.
Masc. & Fem.
Neut.
COMPARATIVES &
SUPERLATIVES
(who?)
(which?)
Nom.
quis
quid
Gen.
cuius
cuius
Irregular Verbs
The verb sum, esse, fui (to be) and its derivatives are irreg-
ular verbs and should be learned separately.
Dat.
cui
cui
The comparative form of the adjective is obtained by adding
the suffixes -ior or -ius to the stem of the adjective.
Example: doctus (wise), doct (stem), doctior (wiser)
Acc.
quem
quid
qu
-
& qu
-
Abl.
quo
possum, posse
to be able to
Plur.
absum, abesse
to be away
Masc. & Fem.
Neut.
Sing.
Plur.
adsum, adesse
to be present
(who?)
(which?)
(wiser)
(wiser)
obsum, obesse
to be a hindrance, nuisance
Nom.
qui
quae
Masc/Fem. Neut.
Masc/Fem. Neut.
praesum, praeesse
to be in charge of, to be in control of
Gen.
quorum
quorum
Nom.
doctior
doctius
doctiores
doctiora
supersum, superesse
survive
Dat.
quibus
quibus
desum, deesse
to lack
Gen.
doctioris
doctioris
doctiorum
doctiorum
Acc.
quos
quae
Dat.
doctiori
doctiori
doctioribus
doctioribus
Abl.
quibus
quibus
INDICATIVE:
Present:
(I am) sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt
Imperfect:
(I was) eram, eras, erat, eramus,
eratis, erant
Future:
(I will be) ero, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt
Perfect:
(I have been) fui, fuisti, fuit, fuimus, fuistis,
fuerunt
Pluperfect:
(I had been) fueram, fueras, fuerat,
fueramus, fueratis, fuerant
Future Perfect:
(I will have been) fuero, fueris, fuerit,
fuerimus, fueritis, fuerint
Acc.
doctiorem
doctius
doctiores
doctiora
Abl.
doctiori
doctiori
doctioribus
doctioribus
PREPOSITIONS
PREPOSITIONS
The superlative is formed by adding the suffixes
-issimus, -
issima,
and
-issimum
(the most) to the stem of the adjec-
tive. The declension is then similar to doctus, -a, -um. There
are many exceptions to this general rule.
Latin prepositions are less numerous than in English. They are
followed by an accusative or an ablative, never by an infinitive.
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE
SUBJUNCTIVE:
Present:
INFINITIVE CLAUSE
The infinitive clause is another important feature of the
Latin language. Accusativus cum Infinitivo (AcI); the sub-
ject of the infinitive clause is always expressed and is in the
accusative case. Usually, it can be translated with a that-
clause.
Scio
vitam esse brevem.
(
I know
that life is short
.)
ABSOLUTE
(I were)
sim, sis, sit, simus, sitis, sint
Imperfect:
(that I were)
essem, esses, esset,
essemus, essetis, essent
The ablative absolute is a frequent construction in Latin,
consisting of a noun and a participle or two nouns in the
Ablative Case. It expresses time, manner, cause, or circum-
stances of the action of the sentence.
Urbe capt
-
,
Romani non desperaverunt.
(
Once Rome was
taken,
the Romans did not despair
.)
INFINITIVE-
ABLATIVE
alternatively
:
forem, fores, foret, foremus,
foretis, forent
CLAUSE
Perfect:
(that I have been)fuerim, fueris, fuerit, fuerimus,
fueritis, fuerint
Pluperfect:
(that I had been) fuissem, fuisses, fuisset,
fuissemus, fuissetis, fuissent
2
Verb Conjugations
1st conjugation, active voice: amo, amare, amavi, amatum (to love)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
1st conjugation, passive voice: amo
INDICATIVE
GERUND IMPERATIVE
SUPINE PARTICIPLE
Sing: masc/fem. neut.
SUBJUNCTIVE
IMPERATIVE
PARTICIPLE
Present
amor
amer
(be loved)
Present
amo
amem
amans
amans
amaris
ameris
amare
amas
ames
amandi
ama
amatum
amantis
amantis
amatur
ametur
amat
amet
amando
amanti
amanti
amamur
amemur
amamus
amemus
amandum
amantem
amans
amamini
amemini
amamini
amatis
ametis
amando
amate
amante
amante
amantur
amentur
amant
ament
amatu
(or amanti) (or amanti)
Present Plur: masc/fem. neut.
Imperfect
amabar
amarer
amabaris
amareris
Imperfect
amabam
amarem
amantes
amantia
amabatur
amaretur
amabas
amares
amantium
amantium
amabamur
amaremur
amabat
amaret
amantibus
amantibus
amabamini
amaremini
amabamus
amaremus
amantes
amantia
amabantur
amarentur
amabatis
amaretis
amantibus
amantibus
Future
amabor
amandus, a, um
amabant
amarent
amaberis
amator
(about to be loved)
Future
amabo
amaturus, a, um
amabitur
amator
amabis
amato
(about to love)
amabimur
amabimini
amabuntur
amabit
amato
amabimus
amabitis
amantor
amatote
amabunt
amanto
Perfect
amatus, a, um sum
amatus, a, um sim
amatus, a, um
Perfect
amavi
amaverim
amatus, a, um es
amatus, a, um sis
(having been loved)
amavisti
amaveris
amatus, a, um est
amatus, a, um sit
amavit
amaverit
amati, ae, a sumus
amati, ae, a simus
amavimus
amaverimus
amati, ae, a estis
amati, ae, a sitis
Note:
Gerund, supine and
present participle conjuga-
tions are listed in this order:
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
amavistis
amaveritis
amati, ae, a sunt
amati, ae, a sint
amaverunt
amaverint
Pluperfect
amatus, a, um eram
amatus, a, um essem
Pluperfect
amaveram
amavissem
amatus, a, um eras
amatus, a, um esses
amaveras
amavisses
amatus, a, um erat
amatus, a, um esset
amaverat
amavisset
amati, ae, a eramus
amati, ae, a essemus
amaveramus
amavissemus
amati, ae, a eratis
amati, ae, a essetis
amaveratis
amavissetis
amati, ae, a erant
amati, ae, a essent
amaverant
amavissent
Future
amatus, a, um ero
Future
amavero
Perfect
amatus, a, um eris
amatus, a, um erit
amati, ae, a erimus
amati, ae, a eritis
amati, ae, a erunt
Perfect
amaveris
amaverit
amaverimus
amaveritis
amaverint
2nd conjugation, active voice: moneo, mon
-
re, monui, monitum (to warn)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
2nd conjugation, passive voice: moneo
INDICATIVE
GERUND IMPERATIVE
SUPINE PARTICIPLE
Sing: masc/fem. neut.
SUBJUNCTIVE
IMPERATIVE
PARTICIPLE
Present
moneor
monear
Present
moneo
moneam
monitum
monens
monens
moneris
monearis
monere
mones
moneas
monendi
mone
monentis
monentis
monetur
moneatur
monet
moneat
monendo
monenti
monenti
monemur
moneamur
monemus
moneamus
monendum
monentem
monens
monemini
moneamini
monemini
monetis
moneatis
monendo
monete
monente
monente
monentur
moneantur
monent
moneant
monitu
(or monenti) (or monenti)
Present Plur: masc/fem. neut.
Imperfect
monebar
monerer
monebaris
monereris
Imperfect
monebam
monerem
monentes
monentia
monebatur
moneretur
monebas
moneres
monentium
monentium
monebamur
moneremur
monebat
moneret
monentibus
monentibus
monebamini
moneremini
monebamus
moneremus
monentes
monentia
monebantur
monerentur
monebatis
moneretis
monentium
monentium
Future
monebor
monendus, a, um
monebant
monerent
moneberis
monetor
(about to be warned)
Future
monebo
moniturus, a, um
monebitur
monetor
monebis
moneto
(about to warn)
monebimur
monebimini
monebuntur
monebit
moneto
monebimus
monebitis
monentor
monetote
monebunt
monento
Perfect
monitus, a, um sum
monitus, a, um sim
monitus, a, um
Perfect
monui
monuerim
monitus, a, um es
monitus, a, um sis
monuisti
monueris
monitus, a, um est
monitus, a, um sit
monuit
monuerit
moniti, ae, a sumus
moniti, ae, a simus
monuimus
monuerimus
moniti, ae, a estis
moniti, ae, a sitis
Note:
Gerund, supine and
present participle conjuga-
tions are listed in this order:
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
monuistis
monueritis
moniti, ae, a sunt
moniti, ae, a sint
monuerunt
monuerint
Pluperfect
monitus, a, um eram
monitus, a, um essem
Pluperfect
monueram
monuissem
monitus, a, um eras
monitus, a, um esses
monueras
monuisses
monitus, a, um erat
monitus, a, um esset
monuerat
monuisset
moniti, ae, a eramus
moniti, ae, a essemus
monueramus
monuissemus
moniti, ae, a eratis
moniti, ae, a essetis
monueratis
monuissetis
moniti, ae, a erant
moniti, ae, a essent
monuerant
monuissent
Future
monitus, a, um ero
Future
monuero
Perfect
monitus, a, um eris
monitus, a, um erit
moniti, ae, a erimus
moniti, ae, a eritis
moniti, ae, a erunt
Perfect
monueris
monuerit
monuerimus
monueritis
monuerint
3rd conjugation, active voice: lego, legere, legi, lectum (to read)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
3rd conjugation, passive voice: lego
INDICATIVE
GERUND IMPERATIVE
SUPINE PARTICIPLE
Sing: masc/fem. neut.
SUBJUNCTIVE
IMPERATIVE
PARTICIPLE
Present
legor
legar
Present
lego
legam
legens
legens
legeris
legaris
legere
legis
legas
legendi
lege
lectum
legentis
legentis
legitur
legatur
legit
legat
legendo
legenti
legenti
legimur
legamur
legimus
legamus
legendum
legentem
legens
legimini
legamini
legemini
legitis
legatis
legendo
legite
legente
legente
leguntur
legantur
legunt
legant
lectu
(or legenti) (or legenti)
Present Plur: masc/fem. neut.
Imperfect
legebar
legerer
legebaris
legereris
Imperfect
legebam
legerem
legentes
legentia
legebatur
legeretur
legebas
legeres
legentium
legentium
legebamur
legeremur
legebat
legeret
legentibus
legentibus
legebamini
legeremini
legebamus
legeremus
legentes
legentia
legebantur
legerentur
legebatis
legeretis
legentibus
legentibus
Future
legar
legendus, a, um
legebant
legerent
legeris
legitor
(about to be read)
Future
legam
lecturus, a, um
legetur
legitor
leges
legito
(about to read)
legemur
legemini
legentur
leget
legito
legemus
legetis
legitote
leguntor
legent
legunto
Perfect
lectus, a, um sum
lectus, a, um sim
lectus, a, um
lectus, a, um es
lectus, a, um sis
Perfect
legi
legerim
legisti
legeris
lectus, a, um est
lectus, a, um sit
legit
legerit
lecti, ae, a sumus
lecti, ae, a simus
legimus
legerimus
lecti, ae, a estis
lecti, ae, a sitis
Note:
Gerund, supine and
present participle conjuga-
tions are listed in this order:
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
legistis
legeritis
lecti, ae, a sunt
lecti, ae, a sint
legerunt
legerint
Pluperfect
lectus, a, um eram
lectus, a, um essem
legeram
legissem
lectus, a, um eras
lectus, a, um esses
legeras
legisses
lectus, a, um erat
lectus, a, um esset
Pluperfect
legerat
legisset
lecti, ae, a eramus
lecti, ae, a essemus
legeramus
legissemus
lecti, ae, a eratis
lecti, ae, a essetis
legeratis
legissetis
lecti, ae, a erant
lecti, ae, a essent
legerant
legissent
Future
lectus, a, um ero
Future
legero
Perfect
lectus, a, um eris
lectus, a, um erit
lecti, ae, a erimus
lecti, ae, a eritis
lecti, ae, a erunt
Perfect
legeris
legerit
legerimus
legeritis
legerint
3
 (Conjugations continued)
3rd conjugation (mixed), -i stem, active voice: capio, capere, cepi, captum (to take)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
3rd conjugation (mixed), -i stem, passive voice: capio
INDICATIVE
GERUND IMPERATIVE
SUPINE PARTICIPLE
Sing: masc/fem. neut.
SUBJUNCTIVE
IMPERATIVE
PARTICIPLE
Present
capior
capiar
Present
capio
capiam
capiens
capiens
caperis
capiaris
capere
capis
capias
capiendi
cape
captum
capientis
capientis
capitur
capiatur
capit
capiat
capiendo
capienti
capienti
capimur
capiamur
capimus
capiamus
capiendum
capientem
capiens
capimini
capiamini
capimini
capitis
capiatis
capiendo
capite
capiente
capiente
capiuntur
capiantur
capiunt
capiant
captu
(or capienti) (or capienti)
Present Plur: masc/fem. neut.
Imperfect
capiebar
caperer
capiebaris
capereris
Imperfect
capiebam
caperem
capientes
capientia
capiebatur
caperetur
capiebas
caperes
capientium
capientium
capiebamur
caperemur
capiebat
caperet
capientibus
capientibus
capiebamini
caperemini
capiebamus
caperemus
capientes
capientia
capiebantur
caperentur
capiebatis
caperetis
capientibus
capientibus
Future
capiar
capiendus, a, um
capiebant
caperent
capieris
capitor
(about to be taken)
Future
capiam
capturus, a, um
capietur
capitor
capies
capito
(about to take)
capiemur
capiemini
capientur
capiet
capito
capiemus
capietis
capiuntor
capitote
capient
capiunto
Perfect
captus, a, um sum
captus, a, um sim
Perfect
cepi
ceperim
captus, a, um es
captus, a, um sis
captus, a, um
cepisti
ceperis
captus, a, um est
captus, a, um sit
cepit
ceperit
capti, ae, a sumus
capti, ae, a simus
cepimus
ceperimus
capti, ae, a estis
capti, ae, a sitis
cepistis
ceperitis
capti, ae, a sunt
capti, ae, a sint
ceperunt
ceperint
Pluperfect
captus, a, um eram
captus, a, um essem
Pluperfect
ceperam
cepissem
captus, a, um eras
captus, a, um esses
ceperas
cepisses
captus, a, um erat
captus, a, um esset
ceperat
cepisset
capti, ae, a eramus
capti, ae, a essemus
ceperamus
cepissemus
capti, ae, a eratis
capti, ae, a essetis
ceperatis
cepissetis
capti, ae, a erant
capti, ae, a essent
ceperant
cepissent
Future
captus, a, um ero
Future
cepero
Perfect
captus, a, um eris
captus, a, um erit
capti, ae, a erimus
capti, ae, a eritis
capti, ae, a erunt
Perfect
ceperis
ceperit
ceperimus
ceperitis
ceperint
4th conjugation, active voice: audio, audire, audivi, auditum (to hear)
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
4th conjugation, passive voice: audio
INDICATIVE
GERUND IMPERATIVE
SUPINE PARTICIPLE
Sing: masc/fem. neut.
SUBJUNCTIVE
IMPERATIVE
PARTICIPLE
Present
audior
audiar
Present
audio
audiam
audiens
audiens
audiris
audiaris
audire
audis
audias
audiendi
audi
auditum
audientis
audientis
auditur
audiatur
audit
audiat
audiendo
audienti
audienti
audimur
audiamur
audimus
audiamus
audiendum
audientem
audiens
audimini
audiamini
audimini
auditis
audiatis
audiendo
audite
audiente
audiente
audiuntur
audiantur
audiunt
audiant
auditu
(or audienti) (or audienti)
Present Plur: masc/fem. neut.
Imperfect
audiebar
audirer
audiebaris
audireris
Imperfect
audiebam
audirem
audientes
audientia
audiebatur
audiretur
audiebas
audires
audientium
audientium
audiebamur
audiremur
audiebat
audiret
audientibus
audientibus
audiebamini
audiremini
audiebamus audiremus
audientes
audientia
audiebantur
audirentur
audiebatis
audiretis
audientibus
audientibus
Future
audiar
audiendus, a, um
audiebant
audirent
audieris
auditor
(about to be heard)
Future
audiam
auditurus, a, um
audietur
auditor
audies
audito
(about to hear)
audiemur
audiemini
audientur
audiet
audito
audiemus
audietis
audiuntor
auditote
audient
audiunto
Perfect
auditus, a, um sum
auditus, a, um sim
auditus, a, um
Perfect
audivi
audiverim
auditus, a, um es
auditus, a, um sis
audivisti
audiveris
auditus, a, um est
auditus, a, um sit
audivit
audiverit
auditi, ae, a sumus
auditi, ae, a simus
audivimus
audiverimus
auditi, ae, a estis
auditi, ae, a sitis
audivistis
audiveritis
auditi, ae, a sunt
auditi, ae, a sint
audiverunt
audiverint
Pluperfect
auditus, a, um eram
auditus, a, um essem
Pluperfect
audiveram
audivissem
auditus, a, um eras
auditus, a, um esses
audiveras
audivisses
auditus, a, um erat
auditus, a, um esset
audiverat
audivisset
auditi, ae, a eramus
auditi, ae, a essemus
audiveramus
audivissemus
auditi, ae, a eratis
auditi, ae, a essetis
audiveratis
audivissetis
auditi, ae, a erant
auditi, ae, a essent
audiverant
audivissent
Future
auditus, a, um ero
Future
audivero
Perfect
auditus, a, um eris
auditus, a, um erit
auditi, ae, a erimus
auditi, ae, a eritis
auditi, ae, a erunt
Perfect
audiveris
audiverit
audiverimus
audiveritis
audiverint
THE ROMAN CALENDAR
As of 46 B.C., the Roman calendar has had 365
1
/
4
days. Each given year was usually
designated by the names of the consuls in charge.
Ex: M. Tullio et D. Antonio consulibus
When M. Tullius and D. Antonius were Consuls (63 B.C.)
The Months
January
CREDITS
Price Code:
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Contributing Editor:
E. Del Chrol, M.A.
Layout and Artwork:
Rich Marino
NOTE TO STUDENTS
This
QuickStudy
®
guide is an outline of the grammar taught in
Latin
courses. In some cases, schol-
ars disagree on spelling and/or translation; we have tried to include the most common versions. Due to
its condensed format, use this as a guide, but not as a replacement for assigned classwork.
ROMAN
Januarius
July
Quintilis (Quinctilis)
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, elec-
tronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without writ-
ten permission from the publisher.
© 2001, 2004 BarCharts, Inc. 0408
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Days of the Month
1
st
of each month
kalendae
5
th
or 7
th
of each month
nonae
13
th
or 15
th
of each month
idus
All other days were designated according to the
kalendas
,
nonas
or
idus
.
Ex: Quarto die ante Nonas Januarias.
The fourth day before the nonae of January (January 2
nd
).
ISBN-13: 978-142320636-1
ISBN-10: 142320636-3
4
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