Raport o ekologicznym stanie świata z 2012r, Ekologia

[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
Living PLanet RePoRt 2012
REPORT
100%
RECYCLED
IT
2012
BioDiveRSitY
Biodiversity, ecosystems and
ecosystem services – our
natural capital – must be
preserved as the foundation
of well-being for all.
BioCaPaCitY
It takes 1.5 years for the
Earth to regenerate the
renewable resources that
people use, and absorb the
CO2 waste they produce,
in that same year.
Living Planet
Report 2012
eQUitaBLe SHaRing
BetteR CHoiCeS
Equitable resource governance
is essential to shrink and share
our resource use.
Living within ecological
boundaries requires a global
consumption and production
pattern in balance with the
Earth’s biocapacity.
Biodiversity, biocapacity
and better choices
Why we are here
To stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and
t
o build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature.
panda.org/lpr
© 1986 Panda symbol WWF – World Wide Fund For Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund)
® “WWF” is a WWF Registered Trademark. WWF, Avenue du Mont-Blanc, 1196 Gland,
Switzerland – Tel. +41 22 364 9111; Fax. +41 22 364 0332. For contact details and further
information, visit our international website at at panda.org
 WWF
WWF is one of the world’s largest and most experienced independent
conservation organizations, with over 5 million supporters and a global network
active in more than 100 countries.
Living Planet Index
The authors are extremely grateful to the following individuals and organizations
for sharing their data: Richard Gregory, Petr Vorisek and the European Bird Census
Council for data from the Pan-European Common Bird Monitoring scheme; the Global
Population Dynamics Database from the Centre for Population Biology, Imperial
College London; Derek Pomeroy, Betty Lutaaya and Herbert Tushabe for data from
the National Biodiversity Database, Makerere University Institute of Environment
and Natural Resources, Uganda; Kristin Thorsrud Teien and Jorgen Randers, WWF-
Norway; Pere Tomas-Vives, Christian Perennou, Driss Ezzine de Blas, Patrick Grillas and
Thomas Galewski, Tour du Valat, Camargue, France; David Junor and Alexis Morgan,
WWF-Canada and all data contributors to the LPI for Canada; Miguel Angel Nuñez
Herrero and Juan Diego López Giraldo, the Environmental Volunteer Programme in
Natural Areas of Murcia Region, Spain; Mike Gill from the CBMP, Christoph Zockler
from UNEP-WCMC and all data contributors to the ASTI report (www.asti.is); Arjan
Berkhuysen, WWF-Netherlands and all data contributors to the LPI for global estuarine
systems. A full list of data contributors can be found at www.livingplanetindex.org
WWF’s mission is to stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment
and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature, by
conserving the world’s biological diversity, ensuring that the use of renewable
natural resources is sustainable, and promoting the reduction of pollution and
wasteful consumption.
Zoological Society of London
Founded in 1826, the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) is an international
scientiic, conservation and educational organization. Its mission is to achieve
and promote the worldwide conservation of animals and their habitats. ZSL
runs ZSL London Zoo and ZSL Whipsnade Zoo, carries out scientiic research in
the Institute of Zoology and is actively involved in ield conservation worldwide.
Ecological Footprint
The authors would like to thank the following national governments for their
collaboration on research to improve the quality of the National Footprint Accounts:
Switzerland, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom; Finland, Germany, Ireland, Japan,
Belgium, Luxembourg, Indonesia and Ecuador.
Global Footprint Network
The Global Footprint Network promotes the science of sustainability by
advancing the Ecological Footprint, a resource accounting tool that makes
sustainability measurable. Together with its partners, the Network works
to further improve and implement this science by coordinating research,
developing methodological standards, and providing decision-makers with
robust resource accounts to help the human economy operate within the Earth’s
ecological limits.
Much of the research for this report would not have been possible without the generous
support of: Avina Stiftung, Foundation for Global Community, Funding Exchange,
MAVA - Fondation pour la Protection de la Nature, Mental Insight Foundation, Skoll
Foundation, Stiftung ProCare, The Winslow Foundation; Flora Family Foundation;
Karl Mayer Foundation; Zayed International Prize for the Environment; VIVA Trust;
Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi; Dr. Med Arthur und Estella Hirzel-Callegari Stiftung;
Daniela Schlettwein-Gsell; Oliver and Bea Wackernagel; Marie-Christine Wackernagel-
Burckhardt; Ader B. Gandi; Sarosh Kumana; Terry and Mary Vogt and many other
individual donors.
European Space Agency
The European Space Agency (ESA) is Europe’s gateway to space. Its mission is to
shape the development of Europe’s space capability and ensure that investment
in space continues to deliver beneits to the citizens of Europe and the world.
ESA is an international organization with 19 member states. By coordinating
the inancial and intellectual resources of its members, it can undertake
programmes and activities far beyond the scope of any single European country.
The Agency’s various programmes are designed to ind out more about Earth, its
immediate space environment, our solar system and the universe.
We would also like to acknowledge the Global Footprint Network’s 77 partner
organizations; and the Global Footprint Network National Accounts Committee for their
guidance, contributions, and commitment to robust National Footprint Accounts.
European Space Agency
ESA’s activities fall into two categories – “mandatory” and “optional”. Programmes
carried out under the General Budget and the Science Programme budget are
“mandatory”; they include the agency’s basic activities (studies on future projects,
technology research, shared technical investments, information systems and training
programmes).
WWF International
Avenue du Mont-Blanc
1196 Gland, Switzerland
www.panda.org
Global Footprint Network
312 Clay Street, Suite 300
Oakland, California 94607, USA
www.footprintnetwork.org
All member states contribute to these programmes on a scale based on their Gross
Domestic Product (GDP). The other programmes, known as “optional”, are only of
interest to some member states, who are free to decide on their level of involvement.
Institute of Zoology
Zoological Society of London
Regent’s Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
www.zsl.org/indicators
www.livingplanetindex.org
European Space Agency
ESA HQ Mario-Nikis
8-10 rue Mario Nikis
75738 Paris Cedex 15
France
Optional programmes cover areas such as Earth observation, telecommunications,
satellite navigation and space transportation. Similarly, the International Space Station
and microgravity research are inanced by optional contributions.
Additional thanks
With special thanks to staff at WWF-US, WWF-UK, WWF-Netherlands and WWF
International for their invaluable comments during the review of this report and for
further contributions.
Design by millerdesign.co.uk
Cover photograph: KARI, ESA
ISBN 978-2-940443-37-6
ContentS
FoReWoRD anD eXeCUtive SUMMaRY
European Space Agency: Observing Earth from space
4
Earth needs more space by André Kuipers
5
Keeping this a living planet by Jim Leape
6
7 billion expectations, one planet
8
At a glance
12
CHaPteR 1: tHe State oF tHe PLanet
14
The Living Planet Index
16
The Ecological Footprint
36
Population, urbanization and development
52
The Water Footprint
62
CHaPteR 2: WHY We SHoULD CaRe
68
Linking biodiversity, ecosystem services and people
70
Forests
74
Rivers
82
Oceans
84
Scramble for land
88
CHaPteR 3: WHat DoeS tHe FUtURe HoLD?
90
Climate change impacts
92
The use of scenarios
98
Projecting the Ecological Footprint to 2050
100
Modelling natural capital in Sumatra
101
The Living Forests model
102
CHaPteR 4: BetteR CHoiCeS FoR a Living PLanet
104
Closing words
124
anneX: teCHniCaL noteS anD Data taBLeS
126
Annex 1: Living Planet Index
128
Annex 2: Ecological Footprint
135
Annex 3: Glossary and abbreviations
146
ReFeRenCeS
153
 Contributors
Editor in chief:
Monique Grooten.
Lead editors:
Rosamunde Almond and Richard McLellan.
Editorial team:
Nigel Dudley, Emma Duncan, Natasja Oerlemans
and Sue Stolton.
Reviewers
William F. Laurance, FAAAS (Distinguished Research Professor and
Australian Laureate, Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability
Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook
University, Cairns, Australia; and Prince Bernhard Chair for International
Nature Conservation, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands).
Pita Verweij (Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Faculty
of Geosciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands).
Zoological Society of London (ZSL):
Louise McRae and Ben Collen (section leads Living Planet Index); with
Stefanie Deinet, Peter Hill, Jonathan Loh, Jonathan E. M. Baille and
Victoria Price.
Living Planet
Global Footprint Network (GFN):
Gemma Cranston (section lead Ecological Footprint); with Mathis
Wackernagel, Michael Borucke, Alessandro Galli, Kyle Gracey, Katsunori
Iha, Joy Larson, Scott Mattoon, David Moore, Juan Carlos Morales and
Pati Poblete.
Report 2012
WWF:
Neil Burgess, Antje Ahrends, Nirmal Bhagabati, Brendan Fisher, Emily
McKenzie and Kirsten Schuyt (ecosystem services); Jessica Battle (marine);
Carina Borgstrom-Hansson (cities); Ashok Chapagain (Water Footprint);
Bart Wickel and Lifeng Li (freshwater); Elaine Geyer-Allely (population
and development); Rod Taylor and Therese Tepe (forests); and Nicholas
Sundt (climate change).
With special thanks for review and additional contributions
from
: Naikoa Aguilar-Amuchastegui, Keith Allott, Jason Anderson,
Victor Anderson, Simon Anstey, Alberto Arroyo-Schnell, Mike Baltzer,
Adam Barlow, Eugenio Barrios, Andreas Baumueller, Karin Bilo,
Gianfranco Bologna, Bruce Cabale, Sandra Charity, Boping Chen, Sarah
Christie, Jason Clay, Carol Day, Adrian Dellecker, Kristina Van Dexter,
Cristina Eghenter, Wendy Elliott, Helen Fox, Neva Frecheville, Erik
Gerritsen, Aimee Gonzales, Johan van de Gronden, May Guerraoui,
Lasse Gustavsson, Pablo Gutman, Chris Hails, Ray Hilborn,
Reinier Hille Ris Lambers, Richard Holland, Jeff Hutchings, Colby Loucks,
Andrea Kohl, Jim Leape, Lou Leonard, Aimee Leslie, Jonathan Loh, Imke
Luebbeke, Gretchen Lyons, László Máthé, Anne Meikle, Sergy Moroz,
Sally Nicolson, Stuart Orr, Anouk Pasquier, Helen Pitman, Mark Powell,
Gerry Ryan, Anke Schulmeister, Alfred Schumm, Claudia Schweizer,
Stephan Singer, Samantha Smith, Gerald Steindlegger, Paul Sunters,
Jon Taylor, Michele Thieme, Samuel Turvey, Niall Watson, George White,
Luke Wreford, Julia Young and Natascha Zwaal.
Biodiversity, biocapacity
and better choices~
European Space Agency:
Robert Meisner (section lead); with Rosita Suenson, Bernhard von Weyhe,
Nadia Imbert-Vier, Roberto LoVerde and Chiara Solimini.
 eaRtH neeDS MoRe SPaCe!
European Space Agency: Observing Earth from space
A new partner in the production of this year’s
Living Planet
Report
, the European Space Agency (ESA) is committed to
inding out more about Earth, its immediate space environment,
our solar system and the universe for the beneit of the planet
and its inhabitants.
Coordinated by the directorate of Earth Observation
Programmes, a growing leet of satellites deliver a continual
stream of essential information to understand and analyse the
state of the planet, and monitor changes taking place.
ESA has been dedicated to observing Earth from space
since the launch of its irst weather satellite in 1977. While ESA
continues to develop satellites to advance meteorology, the focus
today is also very much on understanding how Earth works as
a system and how human activity is affecting natural processes.
Satellites offer the only practical means of monitoring
Earth as a whole. Sensitive spaceborne instruments gather
precise data to unravel the complexities of our planet and track
changes taking place, especially those associated with the effects
of climate change.
Apart from beneitting European research requirements,
this also ensures that decision-makers are equipped with the
information to tackle the challenges of climate change, secure
a sustainable future and respond to natural and human-
induced disasters.
ESA’s “workhorse” missions, ERS and Envisat, revealed
new insight into many aspects of Earth. Each carrying a suite of
instruments, these missions have led to a better understanding
of air pollution and ozone holes, mapped the height and
temperature of the sea surface, monitored the changing face
of polar ice, and tracked the way land is used.
The Earth Explorer missions address urgent scientiic
questions such as Earth’s gravity, ice-thickness change, the
water cycle, the magnetic ield, wind, the role clouds play in
Earth’s energy balance, and the carbon cycle.
In parallel, ESA develops missions called Sentinels to
feed services for Europe’s Global Monitoring for Environment
and security programme. The data is used for a wide range of
applications to manage the environment, such as monitoring
biodiversity, natural resources, air quality, oil spills, volcanic
ash, and to support humanitarian aid and emergency response
in times of disaster.
Looking out of my window and watching Earth from space comes
with my job as an astronaut. Nevertheless, I feel I am privileged.
PromISSe is my second mission into space. This time I will live
on the International Space Station for ive months, unlike my irst
mission of 11 days in 2004. However, those 11 days in space changed
my life. Seeing Earth from space provides a unique perspective. Our
planet is a beautiful and fragile place, protected only by a very thin
layer of atmosphere essential for life on our planet. And seemingly
large forests turned out to be small and passed by very quickly. It
was this perspective, and realization, that lie behind my motivation
to become a WWF ambassador.
The European Space Agency is conducting research to provide
information about the health of our planet. Some of the threats
to a healthy planet are visible to the naked eye, while others are
translated into igures stating how, where and why the world is
changing. What I can see from space is relected in the report in
your hands.
In this ninth edition of the
Living Planet Report
, the key indices
again show unsustainable pressures on the planet. We now know
that the demands on natural resources like ish, timber and food
are rocketing to a level that is impossible to replenish sustainably.
All I care about, and cherish, is on this one planet.
It is my home, the home of my family and friends, and the home
of another 7 billion people. It is also the home of beautiful forests,
mountains, savannahs, oceans, lakes and rivers and of all of the
species living within. Our planet is beautiful, but our planet is
also fragile.
We have the ability to save our home, to protect our planet. Not only
for our own beneit but, above all, for generations to come. We have
the solutions. Everyone can make a contribution by making better
choices in how we govern, produce and consume. Taking better care
of the planet is in our hands.
André Kuipers
Astronaut, European Space Agency
WWF Living Planet Report 2012 page 4
WWF Living Planet Report 2012 page 4
Foreword and Executive summary page 5
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]

  • zanotowane.pl
  • doc.pisz.pl
  • pdf.pisz.pl
  • tejsza.htw.pl

    •